{"id":681,"date":"2026-10-30T13:56:15","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T13:56:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wilmamayhem.com\/?p=681"},"modified":"2026-10-30T13:56:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T13:56:16","slug":"halloween-is-coming-a-link-to-criminology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wilmamayhem.com\/index.php\/2026\/10\/30\/halloween-is-coming-a-link-to-criminology\/","title":{"rendered":"Halloween is coming! A link to Criminology."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Halloween is one of Wilma’s favourite times of the year. It\u2019s a great tradition in Scotland. Now, at least, people buy pumpkins to carve. As a child, Wilma carved out turnips. She bent many of her mother’s spoons and ended up with plenty of blisters. When dressing up and going guising, dookin for apples at parties and for treats, everyone sang or danced a wee song to receive apples, nuts, and sweets. Now that Wilma is older, she enjoys going to the Samhain fire festival, a modern take on a Celtic festival that marks the end of summer, the beginning of winter, and the day becoming darker. It features fiery performances, music, and dance.(\u2018SAMHUINN\u2019, 2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where do Halloween, witchcraft and criminology come into play?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Wilma came across this subject by accident but was instantly fascinated by the Scottish Witch hunts<\/a>. She had known for years about the thousands of women who had been tried as witches up by Edinburgh Castle. The Witches’ Well memorial <\/a>honours everyone who suffered and died in the area. From a criminological standpoint, Scotland’s panic represents a fascinating case study in how systemic biases, manufactured evidence, and institutional power can converge to create a deadly apparatus of injustice.(Castle, 2015)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

History<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In early modern Scotland, criminology was inextricably linked to theology. Under the Reformation’s influence, the state and the Kirk (the Church of Scotland) saw sin and crime as the same threat. The Scottish witch-hunts (1563\u20131736) were not an outbreak of chaotic, superstitious mob justice; they were a highly organised, legalistic exercise in state-sponsored criminology. Driven by the secular Witchcraft Act of 1563<\/a> enacted under Mary, Queen of Scots, the state weaponised criminal law to police morality and enforce absolute religious compliance.(Blog, 2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the time, this was seen as anti-social behaviour. To the elites, witchcraft was the ultimate form of treason against God and king. King James VI even penned his own criminological textbook, Daemonology<\/em><\/a>, to codify how witches operated and how the legal system should hunt them.(I, 2008)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It may surprise people that Scotland prosecuted its citizens at roughly four to five times the European average\u2014and ten times England’s rate. Of an estimated 4,000 accused individuals, about 2,500 were executed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is not surprising that the “criminal profile” of a Scottish witch was highly gendered. Over 84% of the accused were women. The state targeted those living on the fringes of society: widows, healers, midwives, or women deemed to possess too much smeddum<\/em> (mettle or spirit)(Castle, 2015)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In today’s terms, the “evidence” used to convict thousands of Scots would be considered a catastrophic failure of forensic integrity. Because witchcraft left no physical evidence, the legal system relied entirely on peer testimony and coerced confessions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How did they tell people were a witch?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Sleep deprivation. Keeping a suspect awake for days does not come as a surprise that people were hallucinating. People used this to record \u201ctruthful\u201d confessions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Paid “prickers” used long needles to find spots insensitive to pain (deemed the Devil’s mark). Many used fraudulent retractable needles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. People accepted petty local squabbles, poor harvests, or sudden livestock deaths as definitive circumstantial evidence. However, your neighbour may say it’s because you\u2019re a witch<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    4. As people were broken through torture, suspects were forced to name “accomplices,” turning single local disputes into massive national panics.(Blog, 2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     Why did the witch hunts end?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Thankfully, the witch hunts came to an end, but not because judges suddenly found empathy; they ended because the legal establishment lost faith in its own criminal procedures. By the early 18th century, the educated classes realised that sleep deprivation and torture were producing unreliable testimony. The legal standards for evidence were quietly raised, making witchcraft nearly impossible to prove in a secular court. The final execution took place in 1727, and the Witchcraft Act <\/a>was officially repealed in 1736(Why did the Scottish witch hunts end?<\/em>, no date)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Aftermath<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    The story of Scotland\u2019s witches did not end when the Witchcraft Act was repealed in 1735. Its shadow lingered so long that a Scottish medium, Helen Duncan, was jailed under a modified version of the act as late as 1944.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Today, criminologists and historians are looking back at these trials to understand how systemic injustice worked. Campaigns like the Witches of Scotland<\/a> have secured formal apologies from the Scottish Government and the Church of Scotland.(no date)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As Professor Margaret Malloch<\/a>, a criminology expert from the University of Stirling, points out, memorialising these historical injustices helps us shape better justice systems today. By analysing how easily the law was manipulated to persecute a marginalised group 400 years ago, we learn to recognise the early warning signs of modern scapegoating, institutional bias, and wrongful convictions.(Professor Margaret Malloch | University of Stirling<\/em>, no date)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Scottish witch trials weren’t a failure of law enforcement; they were an execution of the law at its most cruel, reminding us that what society defines as a “crime” is often just a reflection of who holds the power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    Blog, G. (2022) \u2018The Witchcraft Act in Scotland | Historic Environment Scotland\u2019, Historic Environment Scotland Blog<\/em>, 10 June. Available at: https:\/\/blog.historicenvironment.scot\/2022\/06\/the-witchcraft-act-and-its-impact-in-scotland\/ (Accessed: 29 October 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Castle, E. (2015) \u2018The scourge of evil\u2019, Edinburgh Castle Blog<\/em>, 28 October. Available at: https:\/\/blog.edinburghcastle.scot\/the-scourge-of-evil\/ (Accessed: 29 October 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I, K. of E.J. (2008) Daemonologie.<\/em> Available at: https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/ebooks\/25929 (Accessed: 29 October 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Professor Margaret Malloch | University of Stirling<\/em> (no date). Available at: https:\/\/www.stir.ac.uk\/people\/255704 (Accessed: 30 October 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u2018SAMHUINN\u2019 (2013) Beltane Fire Society<\/em>, 11 February. Available at: https:\/\/beltane.org\/about-samhuinn\/ (Accessed: 29 October 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Why did the Scottish witch hunts end?<\/em> (no date) BBC Bitesize<\/em>. Available at: https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bitesize\/articles\/zj2r4xs (Accessed: 29 October 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (No date) \u2018Apologising for Historic Wrongs\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Please share the text you would like me to rewrite, and I’ll create an effective and persuasive version for you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Halloween is one of Wilma’s favourite times of the year. It\u2019s a great tradition in Scotland. Now, at least, people buy pumpkins to carve. As a child, Wilma carved out turnips. She bent many of her mother’s spoons and ended up with plenty of blisters. When dressing up and going guising, dookin for apples at … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":683,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-wilma-mayhem"],"yoast_head":"\nHalloween is coming! 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